In English, We use the 26 letters of the alphabet in writing.

However, when speaking there are 44 different sounds.


نستخدم في اللغة الانجليزية 26 حرف أبجديّ في الكتابة،،

ومع ذلك عندما نتحدث هناك تقريبا 44 صوت مختلف.



There are different kinds of sounds, consonants and vowels.

هناك أنواع مختلفة من الأصوات وهي الساكنة والمتحركة.






Vowels(الحروف المتحركة أو حروف العلّة)...e,o,u,I,a


Consonants(الحروف الساكنة)...
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z,

and usually W and Y:
The letter Y stands for the consonant [j] in "yoke",
and for the vowel [i] in "myth",
W is almost always a consonant except in rare words.


الحرف “y”إمّا أن يكون ساكن كما في كلمة "yoke"
أو متحرك كما في كلمة "myth"
الحرفان [j] & [i] هما حروف صوتية وليست أبجديّة.






وسأتحدث عن الحروف الساكنة
(الحالات التي لاتنطق فيها والحالات التي تنطق فيها بطريقة مختلفة)..


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Alphabet B:


If ‘b’ is followed by ‘t’, it is silent :

لاتنطق b اذا الحقت ب t


examples:

Debt, Debtor, Doubt, Doubted
Doubter, Doubtful,Doubtfully, Doubting
Doubtless, Indebted, Redoubtable,Redoubtably
Subtle, Subtly, Undoubtedly, Unsubtle.


====================

If ‘b’ is preceded by ‘m’ at the end of a word:

اذا سبقت b ب m :



a) It is silent in these words

A-bomb, Aplomb, bomb, Bomber, Catacomb
Climb, Climber, Cockscomb, Comb, Comber
Coulomb, Coxcomb, Crumb, Currycomb
Dithyramb, Dumb, Dumber, Entomb, H-bomb
Hecatomb, Honeycomb, Iamb, Jamb, Limb
Numb, Plumb, Plumber, Succumb,
Thumb, Tomb, Womb.


لاتنطق b مع الكلمات السابقة



b) It has soft ‘b’ sound in this word – Rhomb

تنطق ولكن خفيفه


c) It has ‘b’ sound in this word –Recumbent


تنطق






Alphabet C:


If ‘c’ is followed by a consonant it has ‘k’ sound

اذا الحقت c بحرف ساكن تنطق k


examples:

Aircrew, Close, Describe,
Eject,Tractor

====================

If ‘c’ or ‘cc’ is followed by vowels ‘a/o/u’, it has ‘k’ sound

اذا الحقت c باحدى هذه الحروف المتحركة ‘a/o/u’ تنطق k


Examples:

C + CC + a ... Arcade, Became, Cat
Decamp, Encase
(Exception is Caesar)
Desiccant, Occasion,Staccato



C + CC + o ... Abscond, Balcony, Beacon, Coach, Raincoat

Accord, Piccolo, Tobacco



C + CC + u ... Cut, Document, Excuse, Focus, Lacuna

Hiccup, Occupy, Occur, Succulent, Succumb

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If ‘c’ is at the end of a word, it has ‘k’ sound

اذا جاءت c في اخر الكلمة تنطق k


examples:

Acidic, Aerobic
Cyclic, Public

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If ‘c’ is followed by ‘k’, it has ‘k’ sound

اذا الحقت c ب k تنطق k


examples:

Black, Beckon, Socket

====================

If ‘c’ is followed by vowel “y/i/e” , it has ‘c’ or soft ‘s’ sound

اذا جاء بعد c احدى الحروف المتحركه “y/i/e” تنطق كأنها S


examples:

Cancel, Cell, Concern
Decide, Excited
Bicycle, Fancy, Policy

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If ‘cc’ is followed by vowel “y/i/e”, it has mostly ‘ks’ sound

اذا جاء بعد cc احدى الحروف المتحركه “y/i/e” تنطق كأنها Ks=X


examples:

Accept, Access, Succeed
Accident, Occident
Coccyx, Coccyges

====================

If ‘c’ is preceded by ‘s’, it has mostly ‘sk’ sound


اذا جاء قبل c حرف s تنطق sk


examples:

Abscond, Biscuit, Discord

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If ‘c’ is followed by h :

اذا الحقت c ب h تنطق sh/ k/ ch


a) It has mostly ‘ch’ sound

examples:

Chain, Church, Each



b) It has ‘k’ sound in some words

examples:

Architect, School, Chaos, Chemistry



c) It has ‘sh’ sound in some words

examples:

Chef, Chauffeur, Champagne, Parachute



d) ‘ch’ is silent in Yacht

ch لاتنطق في كلمة yacht


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If ‘c’ is followed by ‘ia’, it has mostly ‘sh’ sound


اذا الحقت c ب ia تنطق كأنها sh


examples:

Associate, Crucially, Emaciated, Facial,
Facially, Glacially, Musician, Racial,
Social, Specialize, Specially, Uncial


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If ‘c’ is followed by ‘ea’, it has ‘sh’ sound in these words

اذا الحقت c ب ea تنطق كأنها sh


examples:

Ocean, Oceans, Oceanic

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If ‘c’ is preceded by ‘s’ and followed by ‘ e/i ’ , it is mostly silent

لاتنطق c اذا سبقت ب S وجاء بعدها e أو i


examples:

Ascended, Ascent, Ascend, Descent,
Obscene, Scene, Disciple, Fascinate, Miscible

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C is silent in these words ending with ‘scle’ -- Corpuscle, Muscle

لاتنطق c اذا انتهت الكلمة ب scle






Alphabet D:


D is silent in these words:

Bridge, Budget, Handkerchief
Midget, Wednesday

(In ‘sandwich’ spoken by some people)

لاتنطق d في الكلمات السابقه ماعدا في كلمة ‘sandwich’ تنطق أحيانا






Alphabet F:


Ph & gh also sound ‘f’ in some words

ph & gh تنطق f في بعض الكلمات





Alphabet G:

G is not often not pronounced when followed by an N

غالبا لاتنطق g اذا جاء بعدها n


examples:

Champagne, foreign, sign ,feign

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GH is not pronounced before T and at the end of many words

لاتنطق gh اذا جاءت قبل t وكذلك اذا جاءت في نهاية معظم الكلمات


examples:

Thought,through,daughter,light
Might,right,fight,weigh





Alphabet H:



H is not pronounced when following W

لاتنطق h اذا جاءت بعد w


examples:

What,when,where,whether,why

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H is not pronounced at the beginning of many words.
Use the article "an" with unvoiced H.

لاتنطق h اذا جاءت في بداية معظم الكلمات ولذلك نضع قبلها an عندما تكون ساكنه


examples:

Hour,Honest,honor,heir,herb

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H is pronounced at the beginning of these common words.
Use the article "a" with voiced H.


تنطق h عندما تأتي في بداية بعض الكلمات ولذلك نضع قبلها a


examples:

Hill,history,height,happy,hangover


[ عندما ننطق h نضع قبلها a ،،، و لكن عندما لا ننطقها نضع قبلها an ]






Alphabet K :


K is not pronounced when followed by N
at the beginning of a word

لاتنطق k في بداية الكلمة اذا جاء بعدها n


examples:

Knife,knee,know,knock,knowledge




Alphabet L :


L is often not pronounced before L, D, F, M, K

غالبا لاتنطق L اذا جاء بعدها “L, D, F, M, K”


examples:

Calm,half,talk,would,should

Alphabet N:


N is not pronounced following M at the end of a word

لاتنطق n اذا جاءت بعد m في نهاية الكلمة.

examples:

autumn
hymn



Alphabet P :

P is not pronounced at the beginning of many words using the suffix "psych" and "pneu".

لاتنطق p عندما تأتي في بداية الكلمات التي تبدأ ب "psych" and "pneu"

examples:

Psychiatrist, pneumonia, psychotherapy



Alphabet S :


S is not pronounced before L in the following words:

island
isle

لاتنطق S عندما يأتي بعدها L كما في الكلمات السابقه



Alphabet T:

T has mostly ‘sh’ sound if:

T + “ion” = sh
T + “ia” = sh
T + “ie” = sh
T + “io” = sh


t تنطق sh اذا جاء بعدها “ion” /“ia” /“ie” / “io”

examples:

Action, Dictionary, Edition, Emotional, Fictional,
Illustration, Nation, Optional, Promotion.

Initial, Initiate, Nuptial, Partial, Satiate, Vitiate.

Impatient, Outpatient, Patient, Quotient, Sentient.

Action, Notion, Option, Tuition.

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T If ‘t’ has ‘ch’ sound if:

S + t + ion = ch
T + ure = ch

t تنطق ch اذا جاء قبلها S وبعدها ion ،،وكذلك إذا جاءت في أخر الكلمة وبعدها ure


Examples:

Combustion, Exhaustion, Question, Suggestion.

Actual, Capture, Creature,Lecturer,Mature, Nature, Picture.

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If ‘t’ is followed by ‘h’:

it has mostly ‘th’ sound as in Three

or sometimes hard ‘th’ as in This

And sometimes it has ‘t’ sound in some words as in Thames,Thomas.

اذا جاء h بعد t تقرأ "ثا" أو "ذا" وأحيانا تقرأ t في بعض الكلمات


Examples:

Breather,Cloth,Health,Overthrow,Sympathy,Thick,Thi gh,Wealthy

Than, That, The, Then, Thence, There, Thereby, This

====================

t is silent in some words if

it’s preceded by ‘s’ and followed by ‘le’, as in

Castle, Hustle, Nestle, Rustle, Whistle.

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t is also silent in some other words as in

Chasten, Fasten, Listen, Listening, Often, Soften

لاتنطق t إذا جاء قبلها S وبعدها “le” وكذلك في بعض الكلمات



Alphabet V:

v is occasionally written as ‘vv’ as in

Chivvy, Skivvy.

أحيانا تكتب vv .. v


ph in the word ‘Stephen’ has ‘v’ sound

ph تنطق أحيانا v كما في ‘Stephen’



f in the single word ‘of’ has ‘v’ sound

ننطق f في “v” … “of”




Alphabet W:


If ‘w’ comes last and is preceded by vowel ‘a’, it is mostly silent

as in Caw, Overdraw, Raw, Saw, Straw

غالبا لاتنطق w اذا جاءت باخر الكلمة وسبقت بحرف العلّة a

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If ‘w’ comes last and is preceded by vowel ‘e’,it is sometimes silent

as in Cashew, Crew, Dew, Nephew, Review, Screw

وأحيانا لا تنطق إذا سبقت بحرف العّلة e

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w is always silent in the words beginning with ‘wr’ as in

Wrap, Write, Wrought

ودائما لا تنطق إذا كانت بداية الكلمة wr

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w is silent in these common words

Answer, Sword, Who, Whoever, Whom, Whose, Whosoever.

ولاتنطق مع الكلمات السابقة

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W is not pronounced with these three pronouns:

Who, whose, whom

وكذلك لاتنطق مع بعض الضمائر



Alphabet X:


X has regularly the sound ‘ks’ wherever it occurs in a word

as in Box, Fax, Fix, Fixture, Maxi, Taxi

(However there are some exceptions)

مهما كان موقع X في الكلمة تنطق Ks ماعدا في بعض الكلمات

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If ‘x’ is at the beginning of a word, it has always ‘ze’ or ‘zi’ sound

اذا جاءت X في بداية الكلمة تنطق ze أو zi


examples:
Xenogamy, Xenophobia, Xeroderma, Xerography, Xerophytes

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X sounds ‘ksh’ in the words ending with xion / xious/ xure

X تنطق ksh اذا انتهت الكلمة ب xion / xious/ xure


examples:

Flexion, Fluxion
Anxious, Noxious, Obnoxious
Flexure

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X is silent in some words as in Faux pas

لاتنطق x في بعض الكلمات كالكلمة السابقة.



Alphabet Y:


y is both consonant and vowel in English Language

y هو حرف ساكن وكذلك هو حرف متحرك

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Consonant Y:


Y as a consonant has the same sound wherever it occurs in a word

(However there are some exceptions)

عندما يكون y ساكن ينطق كما هو مهما كان موقعه في الكلمة ماعدا في بعض الكلمات

examples:

Boy, May, Yellow, You, Young


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Vowel Y:

If vowel ‘y’ is at the end of a word it has mostly ‘i’ sound

as in By, Buy, Cry, Dry, Fly, Fry, My, Sky, Try

عندما يكون y متحرك ويأتي في نهاية الكلمة ينطق i


If vowel ‘y’ is at the end of a word it has also ‘ee’ sound

as in Family, Happy, Hobby, Holly, Lucky, Silly, Twenty

وايضا اذا كان y متحرك وجاء في نهاية الكلمة يقرأ ee كما في الكلمات السابقة


If vowel ‘y’ is in the middle of a word it has mostly ‘i’ sound

as in Abysmal, Analyze, Antonym, Gym, Gymnast

وغالبا اذا جاء y في وسط الكلمة ينطق i


y is silent in some words as in Prayer, Mayor

ولاتنطق y في بعض الكلمات



Alphabet Z:

z is silent in some words as in Rendezvous

لاتنطق z في بعض الكلمات كالكلمة السابقة.



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